Low smoke zero halogen or low smoke-free of halogen (LSZH or LSOH or LS0H or LSFH or OHLS or ZHFR) is a material classification typically used for cable jacketing in the wire and cable industry. LSZH cable jacketing is composed of thermoplastic or thermoset compounds that emit limited smoke and no halogen when exposed to high sources of heat.
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Low-smoke zero-halogen cable considerably reduces the amount of toxic and corrosive gas emitted during combustion. When burned, a low-smoke zero-halogen cable emits a less optically dense smoke that releases at a lower rate. During a fire, a low-smoke cable is desirable because it reduces the amount and density of the smoke, which makes exiting a space easier for occupants as well as increases the safety of firefighting operations.
This type of material is typically used in poorly ventilated areas such as aircraft, rail carriages, tanks, subsea and offshore installations, submarines or ships. It is also used extensively in the rail industry, wherever high voltage or track signal wires must be run into and through tunnel systems. The nuclear industry is another area where LSZH cables have been and will be used in the future. Major cable manufacturers have been producing LSZH cables for nuclear facilities since the early s. Construction of new nuclear plants will almost certainly involve extensive use of LSZH cable. This will reduce the chance of toxic gases accumulating in those areas where personnel are working and the lack of corrosive gases where there are computer-controlled systems will reduce the possibility of wires being damaged by fire resulting in a short circuit fault.
PVC is a very versatile and cost-effective material. Its main properties and benefits include:
1. Low Smoke Generation: LSZH cables produce less smoke when burning in a fire, which improves visibility and enhances evacuation safety. This is particularly important in confined spaces like aircraft, trains, and tunnels.
2. Low Toxicity: LSZH cables do not release toxic halogen gases, such as chlorine, fluorine, and bromine, during combustion, significantly reducing the risk of personnel inhaling toxic fumes.
3. Low Corrosivity: LSZH cables do not produce corrosive gases when burned, which helps to protect sensitive electronic equipment and instruments from corrosion.
4. Improved Safety: The safety features of LSZH cables enhance overall fire safety, facilitating emergency evacuation and firefighting operations.
5. Environmentally Friendly: LSZH cables are free of halogenated and other harmful chemicals, making them more environmentally sustainable.
6. Broad Application: LSZH cables are widely used in industries with strict fire and environmental safety requirements, such as aerospace, rail transportation, subsea and offshore facilities, and nuclear power plants.
Physically, PVC and LSZH are very different. PVC cables are very soft; LSZH cables are more rigid because they contain the flame-retardant compound, and they are aesthetically more pleasing.
A PVC cable (made of polyvinyl chloride) has a jacket that gives off heavy black smoke, hydrochloric acid, and other toxic gases when it burns. Low Smoke Zero Halogen (LSZH) cable has a flame-resistant jacket that doesn't emit toxic fumes even if it burns.
LSZH cables usually cost more than the equivalent PVC cable, and certain types are less flexible. LSZH cable does have some restrictions. According to CENELEC standards EN, , , screened cables must be halogen-free. However, no similar regulation yet applies to unscreened cables.
PVC cable is commonly used for horizontal runs from the cabling center. You can use it for vertical runs between the floors - but only if the building features a contained ventilation system running through the ductwork. LSZH cable is used between floors in a building. It has a special flame-retardant coating.
Low smoke zero halogen cables are made with a special thermoplastic jacket. The use of thermoplastic or thermosetting compounds makes this type of insulation exceptionally flame retardant. LSZH materials are most often used when both fire safety and reliability are critical. Low smoke zero halogen Cables are ideal for confined spaces where poor ventilation could be a serious concern. HFFR or halogen-free flame-retardant cables, are cables with special ethylene copolymer blends for jacketing, which provide similar safety benefits as LSZH. For the purposes of this article, we will equate LSZH with HFFR materials.
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In dense urban areas with tunnels full of cable wiring, fire can pose a significant risk according to Science Direct. It is a well-known fact that the most dangerous component of a fire in its early stages is not the flame but the smoke. In areas with limited ventilation, rapid accumulation of smoke can quickly lead to casualties. Even if ventilating systems are present, heavy smoke greatly diminishes visibility and can conceal exits and escape routes.
Low smoke zero halogen Cable is a low-smoke jacketing material that produces little to no smoke when exposed to fires. It is composed of thermoplastic compounds that give off no or minimal amounts of white smoke when exposed to high temperatures. LSZH cables provide excellent physical and electrical insulation properties, while also offering quality flame retardation.
The burning of common jacketing materials produces high amounts of toxic and/or corrosive gases. Most standard cables have halogens such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine in their jacketing. When this sheathing material burns, it produces toxic chemical gases that are dangerous to your health and can cause suffocation. These noxious gases can also combine with water, such as the extinguishing water used by firefighters or moisture within a person’s airways, to form corrosive acids. Inhaling these toxic fumes can cause permanent damage to the throat and lungs and lead to complex respiratory problems.
On the other hand, Low smoke zero halogen cables do not contain halogens in their jacketing and therefore produce significantly lower amounts of harmful gases and chemicals when burning. While some gases are still released when the sheathing material is exposed to high temperatures, these are not toxic and do not produce corrosive fumes. Another benefit is that LSZH cables are composed of materials that are environmentally safe.
PVC (polyvinylchloride) jacketed cables are modified with plasticizers to add certain features and characteristics. While PVC generally has very good flame retardancy, it can still emit smoke and toxic gases upon burning. Because of the lack of standardization, there are variations in the fire retardation properties of PVC cables. Different manufacturers use a range of different additives or a combination of them to lower costs while meeting the installation requirements.
Low smoke zero halogen cables, as the name suggests, produce little to no smoke or toxic gases when exposed to heat or flames. LSZH jacketing materials also go through a robust battery of tests before they are approved for industrial or commercial use. These tests evaluate characteristics including electrical properties, flame propagation, smoke measurement, and halogen content measurement.
Additionally, Low smoke zero halogen Cables are physically very different from PVC cables. LSZH cables are more rigid because of the flame retarding compounds in the sheathing, while PVC cables can be softer.
Low smoke zero halogen Cables are particularly suited for use in confined spaces where people or sensitive electronic equipment are present. The classical examples of such spaces are submarines, aircrafts, tanks, and rail carriages, which is why the military was one of the first groups to take up the widespread use of LSZH cables. In addition to being the standard practice for cabling in the armed services, LSZH cables are also in demand for central offices and other sites with extensive cabling needs.
Low smoke zero halogen Cables do not emit toxic gases and maintain visibility even in restricted spaces. They also ensure smooth functioning of electrical devices that may be susceptible to damage from corrosive gases and fumes. Moreover, LSZH cables are self-extinguishing and inhibit the spread of flames to a larger area.
The tests measuring these specifications are conducted under laboratory conditions. The particular values may not be replicated in commercial installations because of external factors.
It is also possible to order custom-made cables that improve on one or more of these properties based on project requirements.
LSZH cabling is routinely used in places with limited ventilation, a high concentration of personnel, or low air density. Mass transit facilities and underground tunnel systems also necessitate the use of LSZH cables. Low smoke zero halogen Cables are routinely used in Europe, but their adoption in the U.S. has been slower due to stringent regulations. Locations that benefit the most from the installation of LSZH cables include:
LSZH jacketing can be used to fabricate nearly any type of cable or wiring. Cables that use LSZH insulation and sheathing most frequently include:
Another issue with jacketing materials is the abundance of insulating compounds available. Low-smoke insulation could produce toxic halogens, and zero-halogen insulation could give off heavy smoke on burning. LSZH cabling is, therefore, the most sensible option for applications where both safety and performance are important.
Remee provides standard and custom cables to deliver specialized products that fit your particular needs. We offer LSZH jacketing solutions for a wide range of cables. Being one of the top wire and cable manufacturers in the country, we offer multiple configurations, composite constructions, and a variety of shielding and jacket coloring/striping options for our cables.
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