Stainless steel alloys are popular for applications big and small across numerous industries.
There’s a good chance that there is a stainless steel product or piece of stainless steel equipment within a short walk of where you are right now.
But if you’re looking to design a system, create stunning designs, or fabricate parts and equipment, you’ll have to start with basic stainless steel products and work from there.
In this guide, we’re going to look at the most common stainless steel shapes and sizes you’ll encounter and the considerations you should make when determining the ideal product for your next project.
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Before we dive into the various characteristics of alloys, finishes, and other more metallurgic details, we should explore the different shapes and formats in which stainless steel is sold today.
Each will offer different benefits depending on your intended use.
As such, understanding your options can help you to find a format that is most closely matched to your needs and avoid additional costs and time spent on further processing before you can use your stainless steel.
Stainless steel sheet is the most flexible option in most cases–both in terms of sizing and shape and in your ability to form it to fabricate products or meet your design specifications.
Depending on your needs, you’ll find stainless steel sheets in thicknesses up to around 6mm.
Products above this thickness tend to fall into the plate form instead.
If you’re sourcing your sheet from the U.S., you might also find this thickness listed by gauge instead of in millimeters.
In most cases, the stainless steel supplier will offer a range of standardized sizes.
Common sizes include 48-inches-by-120-inches (roughly 122-centimeters-by-305-centimeters), 60-inches-by-120-inches (roughly 152-centimeters-by-305-centimeters), and 72-inches-by-120-inches (roughly 183-centimeters by 305-centimeters.)
However, many suppliers can also offer metal cutting services using plasma cutters, waterjet cutters, and other tools to provide a product that precisely meets your ideal size and shape.
Sheet is ideal when you plan to shape or cut the base stainless form to create lighter-weight parts and equipment.
Most sheets are delivered in an annealed state, providing an excellent balance of strength and malleability.
This means you can often take stainless steel sheets directly from shipping to the press for shaping or welding table for fabrication with minimal preparation or pre-processing.
Since the sheet is often cut into standardized sizes, it’s also easier and more space-efficient to store than some other forms.
However, if you plan to stack or store stainless with a mirror or high-gloss finish, be sure to consider any precautions to avoid marring your product's finish before use.
Stainless steel sheet is commonly used in the chemical, construction, food service, marine, transportation, and textile industries.
Stainless steel plates can share many similarities with stainless steel sheets.
However, it starts at higher thicknesses in most cases and is often smaller in overall surface area.
Plate is also available in standard sizes, though these tend to start smaller–around the 12in-by-12in (or 30cm-by-30cm) range and topping out around 48-inches-by-120-inches (roughly 122cm-by-305cm.)
However, like with sheets, you can also order these with custom cuts and sizes to fit your intended application or any special needs you might have.
Keep in mind that thicker pieces will typically mean greater weight when compared to stainless steel sheets of comparable size.
However, this also means increased strength depending on the need.
Stainless steel plate is commonly used in the chemical, construction, food service, marine, transportation, and textile industries.
Unlike stainless steel plate or sheets, stainless steel bar comes in various shapes, including round, square, hex along with angle and flat bar and hollow bar.
Their names essentially refer to their shape, giving an easy way to start limiting choices to find your ideal bar type.
Like plate and sheet, stainless steel bars are available in various thicknesses (or diameters depending on the shape.) Standard sizes range from 3mm to 25mm.
Flat bars are often used to help form base plates and brackets or reinforce key areas where plate might otherwise be a poor choice.
Round stainless steel bars (sometimes referred to as stainless steel rounds) are very popular in machining for creating fasteners, threaded tubes or shafts, and other items.
Hexagonal and hollow bars are often used in weight-bearing scenarios and the fabrication of many common structural beam elements–including I beams, H beams, and C beams. However, hexagonal bars can also have machining uses similar to stainless steel rounds, allowing for rapid production of nuts and other fasteners.
Square bars fit well into both categories, providing excellent structural and load-bearing support while also being an ideal shape and format for machining and fabricating various fasteners.
Of course, when choosing the ideal stainless steel product for your needs, the actual format is just a part of the overall decision.
You also need to determine the best stainless steel alloy, ideal finishes, and other traits that might impact your components' service life and overall fit for your budget.
Most plate, sheet, or bar products will be available in a range of alloys, including those in the 200, 300, and 400 series.
However, you might also find that specialized grades are available for specific uses.
300-series stainless steel will provide an excellent balance of cost, weight, fabrication ability, and corrosion resistance in most cases.
However, 400-series steel is popular in food service applications, medical environments, or when looking for a ferritic stainless option.
If you’re looking for more information regarding the various stainless alloys and their traits, be sure to consult our guide to stainless steel grades and families.
Finishes are another consideration that can impact overall costs and better align your stainless steel with your intended use.
For example, mirror finishes (#8) might look impressive but quickly pick up fingerprints and show scratches and other wear easier.
As such, if they’re in a high-traffic or touch-heavy environment, you might spend an unreasonable amount of time maintaining that finish.
You’ll also need to take extra precautions when storing the steel or fabricating and assembling to avoid damage. In many cases, a protective liner is recommended to avoid mishaps.
By contrast, brushed finishes (#4)–popular in food service and appliance use–offer a clean, professional appearance with far fewer cleaning and maintenance requirements.
On the other hand, if you plan to do extensive fabrication or welding, you might find it best to apply a finish yourself.
In these cases, opting for a product with a 1, 2B, or 2BA finish could reduce costs and allow greater flexibility.
For more information, including typical uses and any considerations to keep in mind, be sure to consult our guide to stainless steel finishes.
This final consideration touches on points related to virtually everything considered so far.
If you’re planning to cut, weld, rivet, or modify the steel in any way, be sure to consider any stresses applied to the steel and potential treatments which might be required to return the steel to an ideal state.
For example, extensive welding or the heat of plasma cutting might require you to consider pickling, electropolishing, or other heat treatments to ensure that the passive layer is effectively restored and promote optimal corrosion resistance.
Riveting or fastening will require you to consider any hardware used to minimize galvanic corrosion risks.
Tapping or threading stainless steel bars and other parts will likely require attention to machined areas to ensure complete restoration of the passive layer and avoid corrosion risks.
Stainless steel is one of the most versatile types of materials, valued across industries for its many different functions and benefits. But despite its ubiquitous nature, many people still don’t know all that much about the properties, uses, and specifications of different kinds of stainless steel. Have you ever wondered what the difference is between the gauge and grade of stainless steel, or how to choose the best type for your application? This guide will teach you everything you need to know about stainless steel .
First things first—what is stainless steel? Like regular steel, stainless steel is an iron alloy, but unlike other steel, stainless steel contains at least 10.5% chromium and sometimes smaller amounts of other elements like nickel, manganese, silicon, nitrogen, and carbon. The addition of chromium to stainless steel is very important, as chromium is what give stainless steel its rust-resistant quality—chromium forms a protective barrier on the surface of the steel, protecting it from elements like oxygen that would cause it to rust.
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Stainless steel is known for being very strong, lightweight, and resistant to rust. Certain types of stainless steel are resistant to high temperatures and fire and can maintain their forms even in environments where high temperatures are required. It’s also non-porous, making it an easy-to-clean, hygienic material. Stainless steel can easily be welded into a variety of different shapes and objects to fit the needs of the various industries in which it’s used.
Because stainless steel is an alloy, there are numerous types. A type of stainless steel’s classification depends upon what percentage of each element comprises the stainless steel. Stainless steel is first classified into one of five family groups, then further classified within each family group by grade. Below, we’ll explain the five stainless steel families.
Austenitic stainless steel is the most used type. There are two main types of austenitic stainless steel: 200 series and 300 series. 200 Series austenitic stainless steel is composed of chromium, carbon, manganese, and nickel. 300 series austenitic stainless steel is made of chromium, nickel, and iron. Both varieties are very hard, durable, and corrosion resistant due to the higher percentage of chromium in the alloy.
Martensitic stainless steel is extremely strong and very machinable, but not as resistant to corrosion as other varieties. It contains carbon, chromium, and iron and is harder to form than other types of stainless steel.
Ferritic stainless steel is highly corrosion resistant, but less hard and durable than other types of stainless steel. It contains a high amount of chromium and very little nickel or carbon. It’s easier to engineer than other types of stainless steel and has magnetic qualities.
Duplex stainless steel is a 50/50 mixture of austenitic and ferritic stainless steel. It has the strength of austenitic stainless steel and the higher corrosion resistance and malleability of ferritic stainless steel.
Precipitation hardening is a technique used to harden stainless steel to make it stronger and more resistant to corrosion. It’s typically an alloy of chromium and nickel.
Within each family category of stainless steel, different types of stainless steel are classified by grade. Depending on how tough, malleable, magnetic, or corrosion-resistant you want your stainless steel to be, you’ll need to choose between different grades with different compositions and qualities. Stainless steel grades typically fall into the 200, 300, or 400 series categories. The most used grade of stainless steel is 304, which is made of chromium and nickel and used in many industries, including industrial, medical, food, and just about any other industry. The second most common type, 316, is similar to 304 but has added molybdenum, which increases the metal’s resistance to corrosion.
In addition to the many different grades of stainless steel, there are many different gauges. Stainless steel gauge is the thickness of the metal. On the scale of measurement for gauges, a higher number means a thinner sheet of metal, while a lower number indicates a thicker sheet. Due to the differing functions of stainless-steel products and tools, a buyer might need to purchase different gauges of stainless steel for different applications.
If you take a look at the stainless steel around you, you’ll probably notice that it doesn’t all look exactly the same. This is because stainless comes in different finishes which impact the smoothness, shininess, grain, and appearance of the surface. Some popular stainless-steel finishes include:
The possible uses of stainless steel are basically endless! Many industries have the need for a strong, corrosion-resistant material that is also attractive in appearance. Here’s a look at some of the industries in which stainless steel is popular.
In kitchen, food, and beverage related industries, it’s important for equipment to be kept clean and sterile. Stainless steel allows for easy cleaning and sanitization as well as durability in regularly used equipment.
Like food related industries, medical and pharmaceutical industries prioritize sterile environments. The non-porous nature of stainless steel and its resistance to rust allows members of these industries to sterilize equipment easily, keeping patients and clients healthy.
Stainless steel is often used in the construction of cars and other vehicles. A vehicle’s parts must be able to withstand climate, weather, and high temperatures without becoming damaged. Because it’s sturdy and can handle all three, stainless steel is a good material choice in this industry.
Stainless steel is also used in the architectural industry for both structural and decorative elements. Stainless steel beams, pipes, handrails, and other architectural materials are readily available from stainless steel fabricators.
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